Which of the following processes is typically used for vertical down welding?

Vertical down welding is a technique frequently utilized for its efficiency and speed, especially in applications where gravity can be taken advantage of during the welding process. Of the choices listed, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is notably suited for this welding position due to the ability to control the arc and electrode's movement while utilizing a suitable filler material.

SMAW is characterized by its versatility, and welders can adjust parameters like the arc length and heat input to accommodate the downward movement of the weld pool. The flux coating on the electrodes generates a shielding gas that protects the weld from contamination, which is essential in vertical down scenarios where the molten pool could easily become unstable. This makes SMAW a frequently chosen method for vertical applications in steel construction.

Additionally, the SMAW process allows welders to use varied types of electrodes designed for specific positions, enabling optimal results in vertical down welding, particularly in situations that require strong root penetration while minimizing the risk of defects such as slag inclusions.